Perayaan Milad UAD ke-63: Talk-show & Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Civitas Akademika

Sahabat, penggunaan obat selama kehamilan sering menjadi dilema. Di satu sisi ibu hamil membutuhkan obat untuk terapi dari penyakit yang diderita selama kehamilan. Tetapi di sisi lain muncul kekuatiran tentang efek samping obat yang dapat membahayakan janin dalam kandungannya.

daftar obat

Lantas apa yang harus dilakukan? Semoga TIPS aman mengkonsumsi obat berikut ini dapat membantu mengurangi kecemasan para ibu hamil.

Apakah ibu hamil boleh mengggunakan obat – obatan selama sakit ?

Ibu hamil sebaiknya tidak menggunakan obat tanpa resep atau tanpa anjuran dokter yang merawat.Karena kandungan zat kimia dalam obat dapat berpengaruh buruk pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin.Terutama pada masa kehamilan tiga bulan pertama. Pada trimester pertama kehamilan, adalah masa yang sangat rawan, karena sedang berlangsung proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan organ – organ tubuh janin.

Namun demikian dalam keadaan terpaksa dimana seorang ibu hamil dalam kondisi sakit sangat membutuhkan terapi, maka dokter akan berusaha memberikan obat yang paling aman dalam dosis yang direkomendasikan untuk di konsumsi dengan resiko seminimal mungkin.

Hal – hal apa saja yang harus diperhatikan oleh ibu hamil sehubungan dengan penggunaan obat – obatan ?

1.Ibu hamil disarankan tidak minum obat atau suplemen vitamin yang dijual bebas tanpa seijin dokter atau bidan yang merawat kehamilan.

2.Hindari minum jamu kemasan kering ataupun obat tradisional yang tidak memiliki ijin dari BPOM. Sebaiknya ibu hamil tidak mengkonsumsi obat resep dokter dan obat tradisional ( obat alternatif ) dalam waktu bersamaan tanpa berkonsultasi dengan tenaga medis atau dokter yang merawat anda.

3.Jangan lupa bila ibu sakit dan berobat ke rumah sakit atau Puskesmas selalu menginformasikan pada dokter atau bidan yang merawat,bahwa ibu dalam kondisi hamil. Hal ini penting agar dokter atau bidan akan meresepkan obat yang aman

4.Selalu memeriksa tanggal kadaluarsa, bentuk kemasan, tampilan dari obat yang ibu hamil terima dari apotik atau toko obat .

5.Pastikan ibu hamil mengunjungi apotik yang sudah terpercaya untuk mendapatkan obat yang bermutu. Hal ini untuk menghindari resiko kemungkinan ada obat yang dipalsukan.Cek ulang kembali pada saat ibu menerima obat dari apotik apakah nama ibu dan jenis obat sesuai dengan yang diresepkan dokter.

6.Menginformasikan kepada dokter atau bidan tentang riwayat alergi obat tertentu jika pernah mengalami, agar tidak terulang pemberian obat yang sejenis.

7.Mengimbangi dengan minum air putih yang cukup untuk mengurangi reaksi obat terhadap fungsi hati dan ginjal .

8.Jangan lupa untuk mencatat reaksi alergi dari obat dan jenis obat baru yang diresepkan oleh dokter dan tenaga kesehatan lainnya.

Segera ke dokter atau bidan bila setelah minum obat lalu ibu hamil mengalami keluhan mual muntah, nyeri kepala hebat, jantung berdebar – debar dan keringat dingin, gatal – gatal seluruh tubuh, mata bengkak dan sebagainya.

9. Perhatikan cara penyimpanan obat misalnya pada suhu tertentu harus disesuaikan agar tidak mengurangi khasiat obat, jangka waktu pemberian obat harus tepat jangan terlalu dekat juga jangan terlambat.

10.Khusus untuk obat antibiotik yang sudah diresepkan dalam dosis yang aman bagi ibu hamil, obat harus di minum sampai habis sesuai jadwal dari dokter.

Catatan :

Jenis obat yang termasuk berbahaya untuk ibu hamil dan dapat berpengaruh terhadap proses tumbuh kembang janin antara lain sebagai berikut :

Ibuprofen ( penghilang nyeri ), Lithium ( obat untuk gangguan jiwa ), Carbimazole ( obat untuk gangguan kelenjar tiroid, Warfarin dan jenis obat pembeku darah lainnya, Vaksin untuk cacar, campak jerman ( rubela ), Tetrasikline ( antibiotik ), Phenytoin ( obat epilepsi ), Choloroquin ( obat anti malaria ), obat anti kanker, Radiasi sinar X, obat kulit yang mengandung vitamin A. ( Sumber Materi Kelas Ibu 1 DEPKES )

 

DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI

Kelompok Analgetik, NSAIDS, Obat Batuk dan Pilek,

Anti Alergi dan Asma, Anestesi

Obat untuk Penghilang Rasa Sakit (Pain Killer)
Nama Obat

AAP approved?*

Kategori Risiko Kehamilan**

Risiko Menyusui**

Notes

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Approved

B

L1

Aspirin

Caution

C (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L3

1

Azapropazone (Rheumox)

Approved

L2

Butalbital (Fioricet, Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne)

NR

D

L3

2

Butorphanol (Stadol)

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L3

Celecoxib (Celebrex))

NR

C

L2

Codeine (in Tylenol #3, #4)

Approved

C

L3

3

Colchicine

Approved

D

L4

Diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren)

NR

B

L2

Fentanyl (Sublimaze)

Approved

B

L2

Flurbiprofen (Ansaid, Froben, Ocufen)

NR

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
C (3rd trim.)

L2

Hydrocodone (Lortab, Vicodin)

NR

B

L3

4

Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

NR

C

L3

5

Ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Pediaprofen)

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L1

Indomethacin (Indocin)

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L3

Ketorolac (Toradol, Acular)

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L2

Meperidine (Demerol)

Approved

B

L2;
L3 early postpartum

6

Methadone (Dolophine)

Approved

B

L3

7

Morphine (Duramorph, Infumorph, Epimorph, MS Contin)

Approved

B

L3

8

Nalbuphine (Nubain)

NR

B

L2

Naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naproxen, Aleve)

Approved

B

L3;
L4 for chronic use

9

Nefopam (Acupan)

Approved

NR

Oxycodone (Tylox, Percodan,Oxycontin, Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet)

NR

B

L3

10

Pentosan polysulfate (Elmiron)

NR

B

L2

Piroxicam (Feldene)

Approved

B

L2

Propoxyphene (Darvocet N, Propacet, Darvon)

Approved

C

L2

11

Rofecoxib (Vioxx)

Withdrawn from the market

12

Secobarbital (Seconal)

Approved

D

L3

13

Tolmetin (Tolectin)

Approved

C

L3

Tramadol HCL (Ultram, Ultracet)

NR

C

L3

14

Valdecoxib (Bextra)

Withdrawn from the market

more

** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).

Lactation Risk Categories

Pregnancy Risk Categories

  • L1 (safest)
  • L2 (safer)
  • L3 (moderately safe)
  • L4 (possibly hazardous)
  • L5 (contraindicated)
  • A (controlled studies show no risk)
  • B (no evidence of risk in humans)
  • C (risk cannot be ruled out)
  • D (positive evidence of risk)
  • X (contraindicated in pregnancy)

NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.

  1. Aspirin use is discouraged in children and nursing mothers due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome and internal bleeding.
  2. Fioricet (Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne) contains acetaminaphen or asprin, caffeine, and butalbital. Per Hale, baby should be observed for sedation.
  3. Hale suggests weakened or premature infants be observed for sedation and apnea.
  4. Hale suggests newborns be observed for sedation, apnea, constipation.
  5. Per Hale, use of frequent, higher dose may result in infant sedation.
  6. Per Hale, Meperidine use during labor or early postpartum has been associated with sedation, poor sucking reflex, and neurobehavioral delay in infants.
  7. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation, respiratory depression, addiction, withdrawal syndrome.
  8. Per Hale, higher doses may result in infant sedation.
  9. Per Hale, should be used with caution due to its long half-life and its effect on baby’s cardiovascular system, kidneys and GI tract; short-term, infrequent or occasional use is not necessarily incompatible with breastfeeding.
  10. Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet also contain acetaminophen. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
  11. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
  12. Per Hale, observe infant for GI cramping, distress, diarrhea.
  13. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
  14. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) [more]

Nama Generik

Nama Dagang

AAP approved?*

Kategori Risiko Kehamilan**

Risiko Menyusui**

Azapropazone (apazone) Rheumox

Approved

L2

Dipyrone (banned in the US & UK)

Approved

NR

Flufenamic acid

Approved

NR

Ibuprofen Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Pediaprofin

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L1

Indomethacin Indocin

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L3

Ketorolac Toradol, Acular

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L2

Mefenamic acid Ponstan, Ponstel

Approved

NR

Naproxen Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naproxen, Aleve

Approved

B

L3
L4 (for chronic use)

Phenylbutazone Butazolidine

Approved

NR

Piroxicam Feldene

Approved

B

L2

Suprofen Profenal

Approved

NR

Tolmetin Tolectin

Approved

C

L3

Steroid

[contents]

Methylprednisolone
[ high dosage methylprednisolone]
Solu-Medrol, Depo-Medrol, Medrol

Approved

C

L2

Prednisolone

Approved

C

L2

Prednisone Deltasone, Meticorten, Orasone

Approved

C

L2

Obat Asma

[contents]

Dyphylline Dilor, Lufyllin, Dyphylline

Approved

C

L3

Terbutaline Bricanyl, Brethine

Approved

B

L2

Theophylline Aminophylline, Quibron, Theo-Dur

Approved

C

L3

Analgetik Narkotik [more]
Butorphanol Stadol

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

L3

Codeine Tylenol #3, #4

Approved

C

L3

Fentanyl Sublimaze

Approved

B

L2

Meperidine Demerol

Approved

B

L2
L3 (if used early postpartum)

Methadone Dolophine

Approved

B

L3

Morphine Morphine

Approved

B

L3

Propoxyphene Darvocet N, Propacet, Darvon

Approved

C

L2

 

Obat Batuk
Nama Obat

AAP approved?*

Risiko Menyusui**

Codeine

yes

L3 (moderately safe)

Dextromethorphan

not reviewed

L1 (safest)

Guaifenesin

not reviewed

L2 (safer)

Dekongestan (Obat Pilek)
Nama Obat

AAP approved?*

Risiko Menyusui**

Phenylephrine

not reviewed

L3 (moderately safe)

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, Actifed)

yes

L3 (moderately safe) for acute use
L4 (possibly hazardous) for chronic use due to potential for decreasing milk supply

* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001.
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2006 edition)
Nasal Sprays (Spray Hidung)
Nama Obat

AAP
approved?*

Risiko Menyusui**

Beclomethasone (Vanceril, Beclovent, Beconase, Vancenase)

not reviewed

L2 (safer)

Cromlyn sodium (Nasalcrom)

not reviewed

L1 (safest)

Fluticasone (Flonase)

not reviewed

L3 (moderately safe)

Mometasone (Nasonex)

not reviewed

L3 (moderately safe)

Phenylephrine (in some forms of Sinex and Neo-Synephrine)

not reviewed

L3 (moderately safe)

Triamcinolone Acetonide (Nasacort)

not reviewed

L3 (moderately safe)

Antihistamin (Anti Alergi)
Nama Obat

AAP
approved?*

Risiko Menyusui**

Brompheniramine

not reviewed

L3 (moderately safe)

Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) CTM

not reviewed

L3 (moderately safe)

Cetirizine (Zyrtec)

not reviewed

L2 (safer)

Dexbrompheniramine maleate
with d-isoephedrine

yes

not reviewed

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

not reviewed

L2 (safer)

Doxylamine

not reviewed

L4 (possibly hazardous)

Fexofenadine (Allegra)

yes

L3 (moderately safe)

Loratadine (Claritin)

yes

L2 (safer)

Terfenadine (Seldane)

yes

not reviewed

Triprolidine (Actidil, Actifed)

yes

L1 (safest)

* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001.
** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2002 edition)

 

Obat Anestesi
Nama Obat

AAP approved?*

Kategori Risiko Kehamilan**

Risiko Menyusui**

Notes

Local anesthetics
Articaine (Septocaine)

NR

NR

more

Bupivacaine (Marcaine)

NR

C

L2

Lidocaine (Xylocaine)

Approved

C

L2

Mepivacaine (Carbocaine, Polocaine)

NR

C

L3

more

Procaine HCL (Novocaine)

NR

C

L3

General anesthetics
Halothane (Fluothane)

Approved

C

L2

more

Isoflurane (Forane)

NR

NR

1

Ketamine

NR

NR

more

Methohexital (Brevital)

Approved

B

L3

Nitrous oxide

NR

L3

Sevoflurane (Ultane)

NR

B

L3

Thiopental (Pentothal)

Approved

C

L3

Other medications often used during anesthesia
Sedatives
Diazepam (Valium)

Concern

D

L3; L4 for chronic use

Midazolam (Versed)

Concern

D

L3

Propofol (Diprivan)

NR

B

L2

more

Triazolam (Halcion)

NR

X

L3

Narcotic Analgesics
Alfentanil (Alfenta)

NR

C

L2

Fentanyl (Sublimaze)

Approved

B

L2

Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

NR

C

L3

Morphine

Approved

B

L3

Reversal Medication
Flumazenil (Romazicon)

NR

C

NR

2

Naloxone (Narcan)

NR

C

NR

3

Steroids
Decadron (Dexamethasone)

NR

C

NR

more

Stimulants
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

NR

C

L1

Anti-nausea
Promethazine (Phenergan)

NR

C

L2

  1. Isoflurane (Forane) is used for c-sections and directly in newborns. Induction of and recovery from isoflurane anesthesia are rapid, so the majority of the medication is out of the body (and milk) very quickly.
  2. Flumazenil (Romazicon) is used directly in children aged 12 months and up.
  3. Naloxone (Narcan) is used directly in newborns and children.
  4. Many forms of Robitussin, Delsym and Benylin are considered compatible with breastfeeding. Always check the active ingredients, as there are many versions.

 

Kelompok Antasida, Antibiotik, Antivirus, Antijamur, Kontrasepsi, Obat jantung & Hipertensi, Vitamin, dll

 

Nama Generik

Nama Dagang

AAP approved?*

Kategori Risiko Kehamilan**

Risiko Menyusui**

Antasida

[contents]

Cimetidine (Antacid) Tagamet

Approved

B

L2

Cisapride (GI tract stimulant) Propulsid

Approved

C

L2

Domperidone (used for nausea & vomiting, stimulates lactation) [more] Motilum

Approved

L1

Antibiotika

[contents]

Amoxicillin Larotid, Amoxil

Approved

B

L1

Aztreonam Azactam

Approved

B

L2

Cefadroxil Ultracef, Duricef

Approved

B

L1

Cefazolin Ancef, Kefzol

Approved

B

L1

Cefotaxime Claforan

Approved

B

L2

Cefoxitin Mefoxin

Approved

B

L1

Cefprozil Cefzil

Approved

C

L1

Ceftazidime Ceftazidime, Fortaz, Taxidime

Approved

B

L1

Ceftriaxone Rocephin

Approved

B

L2

Ciprofloxacin [more] Cipro

Approved

C

L3

Clindamycin Cleocin

Approved

B

L3

Erythromycin E-Mycin, Ery-tab, ERYC, Ilosone

Approved

B

L1
L3 early postnatal

Fleroxacin

Approved

NR

Gentamicin Garamycin

Approved

C

L2

Kanamycin Kebecil, Kantrex

Approved

D

L2

Moxalactam Moxam

Approved

NR

Nitrofurantoin Macrobid

Approved

B

L2

Ofloxacin Floxin

Approved

C

L2

Penicillin

Approved

B

L1

Streptomycin Streptomycin

Approved

D

L3

Sulbactam

Approved

NR

Sulfisoxazole Gantrisin, Azo-Gantrisin

Approved

C

L2

Tetracycline Achromycin, Sumycin, Terramycin

Approved

D

L2

Ticarcillin Ticarcillin, Ticar, Timentin

Approved

B

L1

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole Proloprim, Trimpex

Approved

C

L3

Antikoagulan

[contents]

Bishydroxycoumarin (dicumarol)

Approved

NR

Warfarin Coumadin, Panwarfin

Approved

D

L2

Antikonvulsan (Anti kejang)

[contents]

Carbamazepine Tegretol, Epitol

Approved

C

L2

Ethosuximide Zarontin

Approved

C

L4

Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt

Approved

B

L1

Phenytoin Dilantin

Approved

D

L2

Valproic acid Depakene, Depakote

Approved

D

L2

Anti Jamur

[contents]

Fluconazole [more] Diflucan

Approved

C

L2

Ketoconazole Nizoral Shampoo, Nizoral

Approved

C

L2

Antivirus

[contents]

Acyclovir [more] Zovirax

Approved

C

L2

Interferon-alpha [more] Alferon N, Interferon Alpha

Approved

C

L2

Arthritis meds (see also: pain meds)

[contents]

Gold salts Ridaura, Myochrysine, Solganal

Approved

C

L5

Kontrasepsi, Hormon

[contents]

Estradiol Estratab, Permarin, Menest

Approved

X

L3 (may interfere with milk production)

Clogestone

Approved

NR

Contraceptive pill with estrogen/progesterone Preven, Seasonale, Norinyl, Norlestin, Ortho-Novum, Ovral, Lunelle injection, Ortho-Evra patch, etc.

Approved

X

L3 (may interfere with milk production)

Levonorgestrel Norplant, Mirena, Plan B

Approved

X

L2

Medroxyprogesterone Provera, Depo-Provera, Cycrin

Approved

D

L1
L4 (if used first 3 days postpartum)

Norethynodrel Enovid

Approved

X

L2

Progesterone Crinone, Prometrium

Approved

L3

Obat Diabetes

[contents]

Note: Insulin has not been reviewed by the AAP. Pregnancy risk category = B; Lactation risk category = L1.
Tolbutamide Oramide, Orinase

Approved

D

L3

Obat Diare

[contents]

Loperamide Imodium, Pepto Diarrhea Control, Maalox Antidiarrheal Caplets, Kaopectate II Caplets, Immodium Advanced

Approved

B

L2

** Note: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in both) are not recommended for routine use by nursing moms, due to the association of salicylates with Reyes syndrome in children. [more]
Diuretik (Peluruh Kencing)

[contents]

Acetazolamide Dazamide, Diamox

Approved

C

L2

Bendroflumethiazide Naturetin

Approved

D

L4 (may inhibit lactation)

Chlorothiazide Hydrodiuril

Approved

D

L3

Chlorthalidone Hygroton

Approved

D

L3

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) Hydrodiuril, Esidrix, Oretic

Approved

D

L2

Spironolactone Aldactone

Approved

D

L2

Anti Muntah [more]

[contents]

Domperidone Motilum

Approved

L1

Anti Hipertensi, Obat Jantung

[contents]

Anti aritmia
Disopyramide Norpace, Napamide

Approved

C

L2

Flecainide Tambocor

Approved

C

L3

Mexiletine Mexitil

Approved

B

L2

Procainamide Pronestyl, Procan

Approved

C

L3

Quinidine Quinaglute, Quinidex

Approved

C

L2

Anti Hipertensi
Captopril Capoten

Approved

D

L3 (if used after 30 days)

Diltiazem/Diltiazem HCL Cardizem Sr, Dilacor-XR, Diltiazem, Cardizem CD

Approved

C

L3

Enalapril/Enalapril Maleate Vasotec

Approved

C (1st trim.)
D (2nd, 3rd trim.)

L2

Hydralazine Apresoline

Approved

C

L2

Labetalol Trandate, Normodyne

Approved

C

L2

Methyldopa Aldomet

Approved

C

L2

Metoprolol Toprol XL, Lopressor

Approved

B

L3

Minoxidil Loniten, Minodyl, Rogaine

Approved

C

L2 (topically)
L3 (orally)

Nadolol Corgard, Nadolol

Approved

C

L4

Nifedipine Adalat, Procardia

Approved

C

L2

Oxprenolol Apsolox, Slow-Trasicor, Trasicor

Approved

NR

Propranolol Inderol

Approved

C

L2

Sotalol Betapace

Approved

B

L3

Timolol Blocadren

Approved

C

L2

Verapamil Calan, Isoptin, Covera-HS

Approved

C

L2

Cardiac stimulants
Digoxin Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps

Approved

C

L2

Laksan (Pelancar BAB) [more]

[contents]

Cascara/Cascara Sagrada

Approved

C

L3

Danthron

Approved

NR

Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt

Approved

B

L1

Senna

Approved

L3

Obat malaria

[contents]

Chloroquine Aralen, Novo-chloroquine

Approved

C

L3

Hydroxychloroquine Plaquenil

Approved

C

L2

Pyrimethamine Daraprim

Approved

C

L4

Quinine Quinamm

Approved

D

L2

Medical Testing [more]

[contents]

Diatrizoate

Approved

NR

Fluorescein

Approved

C

L3

Gadopentetic (Gadolinium)

Approved

C

L2

Iohexol Omnipaque

Approved

B

L2

Iopanoic acid Telepaque

Approved

D

L2

Metrizamide Amipaque

Approved

B

L2

Metrizoate Isopaque

Approved

B

L2

Obat Migren [more]

[contents]

Sumatriptan Imitrex

Approved

C

L3

Obat Sedativ [more]

[contents]

Chloral hydrate Aquachloral, Noctec

Approved

C

L3

Methyprylon (withdrawn from use in US & Canada)

Approved

NR

Bromide

Approved

D

L5

Secobarbital Seconal

Approved

D

L3

Obat Tidur

[contents]

Zolpidem/Zolpidem Tartrate Ambien

Approved

B

L3

Obat Anti Tiroid [more]

[contents]

Carbimazole

Approved

D

L3

Methimazole (active metabolite of carbimazole) Tapazole

Approved

D

L3

Propylthiouracil PTU

Approved

D

L2

Thiouracil

Approved

NR

Levothyroxine Synthroid, Levothroid, Thyroid, Levo-T, Levoxyl

Approved

A

L1

Obat TBC

[contents]

Cycloserine Seromycin

Approved

C

L3

Ethambutol Ethambutol, Myambutol

Approved

B

L2

Isoniazid INH, Laniazid

Approved

C

L3

Rifampin Rifadin, Rimactane

Approved

C

L2

VITAMIN [more]

[contents]

B-1 (thiamin)

Approved

NR

B-12 (Cyanocobalamin)

Approved

A

L1

B-6 (pyridoxine)

Approved

A

L2; L4 in high doses (may inhibit lactation)

D, vitamin Calciferol, Delta-d

Approved

A

L3 (do not overdose)

Folic acid

Approved

A (1st, 2nd trim.)
C (3rd trim.)

L1

K-1, vitamin (Phytonadione)

Approved

C

L1

Riboflavin/B2

Approved

A

L1

Lain-lain

[contents]

Acitretin (Anti-psoriasis) Soriatane

Approved

NR

Alcohol/Ethanol [more]

Approved

D

L3

Allopurinol Zyloprim, Lopurin

Approved

C

L2

Antimony

Approved

NR

Atropine (Anticholinergic, drying agent) Belladonna, Atropine

Approved

C

L3

Azapropazone/apazone (Antirheumatic) Rheumox

Approved

L2

Baclofen (muscle relaxant) Lioresal, Atrofen

Approved

C

L2

Barbiturate

Approved

NR

Caffeine [more] Vivarin, NoDoz, Coffee

Approved

B

L2

Carbetocin (Antihemorrhagic) Duratocin

Approved

NR

Chloroform

Approved

NR

Cisplatin (Anti-cancer) Platinol

Approved

D

L4

Dapsone (Antileprosy) Avlosulfon, DDS

Approved

C

L4

Hydroxychloroquine (Antirheumatic, lupus) Plaquenil

Approved

C

L2

Iodides

Approved

NR

Iodine

Approved

NR

Iodine (povidone-iodine, eg, in a vaginal douche)

Approved

NR

Ivermectin (Antiparasitic) Mectizan

Approved

C

L3

Nalidixic acid (Urinary Anti-infective) NegGram

Approved

B

L4

Norsteroids

Approved

NR

Pyridostigmine (Muscle stimulant) Mestinon, Regonol

Approved

C

L2

Scopolamine (Motion sickness) Transderm Scope

Approved

C

L3

Sulfapyridine Dagenan

Approved

NR

Timolol (glaucoma med) Blocadren

Approved

D

L3

* Per the AAP Policy Statement** Per Medications’ and Mothers’ Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).

Lactation Risk Categories

Pregnancy Risk Categories

  • L1 (safest)
  • L2 (safer)
  • L3 (moderately safe)
  • L4 (possibly hazardous)
  • L5 (contraindicated)
  • A (controlled studies show no risk)
  • B (no evidence of risk in humans)
  • C (risk cannot be ruled out)
  • D (positive evidence of risk)
  • X (contraindicated in pregnancy)

NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale

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